UNIT – VIII ERA OF GANDHI AND NATIONAL MOVEMENT
I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate answers:
1. Gandhiji was born in ………………. (Porbandar)
2. Jallianwala Bhag massacre took place while protesting against ………..act. (Rowlatt Act)
3. The movement led by Ali brothers was ……… (Khilafath Movement)
4. A separate nation for Muslims was put forward by………. (Muhammad Ali Jinnah)
5. The President of Indian National Congress session of 1929 was …………………………….. (Jawaharlal Nehru)
6. Mahad and Kalaram movement was formed by …… (Dr. B.R.Ambedkar)
7. The leadership of Indian National Army‟s Jhansi regiment was held by …………………… (Captain Lakshmi)
8. Gandhiji held Salt Sathyagrah in ………… (1930)
9. Quit India movement took place in ……………(1942)
10. First Round Table Conference was held in ………(1930)
11. Swaraj Party was founded in the year--------- (1923)
12. The president of Haripur session of Indian National Congress was----------- (Subhas Chandra Bose)
13. ……………………is known as the Iron Man of India. (Sardar Vallabhabai Patel)
II. Answer the following questions in one sentence each:
1. Mention the period of Gandhian Era
The period between 1920 and 1947 is the Gandhian Era
2. When and where was Gandhiji was born?
Gandhiji was born on 2nd October, 1869 in Porbandar
3. Mention the parents of Gandhiji.
Karmchand Gandhi and Putalibai
4. Why did Gandhiji go to Natal of South Africa?
Gandhiji went to Natal of South Africa to represent Dada Abdulla and Company
5. “You sent us unformed Gandhi and We sent Back the Complete of Gandhi”.Who said this?
South Africans said this.
6. Who is the political Guru of Gandhiji?
The political Guru of Gandhiji is Gokhale
7. Who started „Sabarmathi Ashrama‟ ?
Gandhiji started „Sabarmathi Ashrama‟
8. Why did Gandhi launch „Champaran Movement‟?
Gandhi launched „Champaran Movement‟ in support of Indigo growers and made the British government accept the demands of the farmers.
9. What are the main strategies of Gandhiji in his struggles?
„Passive Resistance‟, „Non-Violence‟, and „Sathyagraha‟
10. Mention the periodicals of Gandhiji.
„Young India‟ and „Harijan‟.
11. Which is one of the major methods of protests of Gandhiji?
Sathyagraha is one of the major methods of protests of Gandhiji.
12. What is Satyagraha?
The word „Sathyagraha‟ means „the assertion of the truth‟.
13. Which is the basic trait of Gandhi‟s struggle?
Ahimsa is the basic trait of Gandhi‟s struggle
14. When was Rowlatt Act implemented?
Rowlatt Act was implemented in 1919
15. Who were called as „‟Caliph”?
The Sultans of Turkey were called as „‟Caliph‟.
16. Who started the Khilafath movement?
Muhammada Ali and Shaukath Ali started the Khilafath movement.
17. Who returned his „Knighthood‟?
Rabindranath Tagore returned his „Knighthood‟
18. Who started Swaraj Party?
Swaraj party was found in 1923 by Motilal Nehru and C.R.Das.
19. When was Dandi March started?
Dandi March was started in 1930.
20. When was the First Round Table Conference started?
The First Round Table Conference was started in 1930.
21. What is „Communal Award”?
Separate electoral constituencies for the untouchables is called „Communal Award”.
22. Between whom the Poona Pact was signed?
Poona Pact was signed between Gandhiji and Ambedkar.
III. Answer the following questions:
1. List out the programmes of Non-Cooperation Movement.
Boycotting schools, colleges and courts Boycotting elections to regional legislative bodies held according of 1919 Act.
Returning all the honours and medals given by the British.
Nominated members to the local bodies resigning from their membership.
Boycotting all the government functions
Boycotting all foreign goods
2. Explain Chouri Chaura incident.
A big group of around 3000 farmers assembled in front of the police station.
They had assembled there to protest against the police officer who had beaten Congress workers when they were protesting in front of an arrack shop.
The police started shooting from inside the station.
Enraged by this act, people torched the police station.
As a result all the twenty two policemen were charred to death.
Such violent incidents were repeated in other places too.
3. Discuss Salt Sathyagraha.
Gandhiji walked with followers upto Dandi, the coastal area of Gujarath.
Gandhi covered 375 kms on foot and reached Dandi.
He broke the law by holding a fistful salt without paying the tax which the British had levied on salt.
4. What were the reasons for Quit India Movement?
The Stratford Cripps Commission which was sent by the British Government proposed some suggestions in front of Indians.
Proposals like according Dominion status to India, and calling a meeting to draft new constitution were tabled.
It was proposed that all states will have liberty to be part of the new federation or not.
These proposals were opposed by the Congress and called for „Quit India‟ movement.
The Quit India movement declared „British, You Quit India‟
5. Write the names of important Radicals who took part in Indian National Movement.
Aurobindo Gosh, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lal Lajapath Roy and Balagandhar Tilak
6. What was the outcome of Second Round Table conference?
In the Second Round Table Conference, Ambedkar pressed for a separate electoral Constituency for untouchables.
This was opposed by Gandhi. This resulted in the ideological differences between them.
As a result, the Second Round Table Conference too ended without any conclusion.
But, the British Government announced its decision to provide separate electoral constituencies for the untouchables
7. Explain the achievements of Subhas Chandra Bose in independence movement.
Though he had secured 4th rank in the Indian Civil Services (ICS) exam, he refused posting and became part of the national freedom struggle
He became popular as „Netaji‟
Subhas Chandra Bose became the president of Haripur convention of Indian National Congress with the support of Gandhiji
A difference of opinion broke between Subhas Chandra Bose and Gandhiji.
He objected Gandhiji‟s failure to seek foreign help in the matter With the aim of mobilising the anti-British forces to fight against the British, Subhas Chandra Bose escaped from the House arrest and reached Germany
The dictator of Germany agreed to extend all the help to Bose.
Bose organized the prisoners of war from India.
He broadcasted his speeches over „Azad Hind Radio‟ to Indians
On learning about the success of Japan in the war, Bose joined hands with Rash Behari Bose to explore the possibility of seeking the help of Japan to liberate India.
Rash Behari Bose had founded „India Independence League‟ in Tokoyo of Japan.
He was calling its military wing as „Indian National Army‟. Bose called for „Dehli Chalo‟ on this occasion.
He said, “Give me your blood, I‟ll get you Indian Independence”.
Subhash Chandra Bose had planned to attack India through Rangoon.
By that time, thousands of soldiers who had joined INA were ready to occupy Delhi.
They started their armed struggle on the Burma border.
When there was a fierce battle between INA and the British army, Subhash Chandra Bose died in airplane crash.
8. Explain the various tribal revolts in the history of Independence struggle.
The tax and forest policies implemented during the British administration were the reasons for tribal revolts. Among them, revolts of Santala, Kola and Munda are important.
Halagali Beda‟s revolt of Karnataka is another notable revolt
The revolt of Santala tribe is considered as an important revolt in India.
The people of this tribe are present in the hilly areas of Bengal Odisha states.
With implementation of permanent Zamindari system, these people became landless.
The land developed by them was taken over by the Zamindars.
The Zamindars, Money lenders and the Company government became the exploiters of the Santhala tribe.
Their peace loving nature and civilized manners were exploited by the government.
The upset Santhalas met secretly and decided to loot the Zamindars and the money lenders.
The revolt was servere in Bhathpur, Barahath and Rajamahal areas.
As a result, the tribal people killed their enemies. Frightened money lenders and Zamindars fled from these areas.
Though, the revolt of Santhalas came to an end, it became an inspiration for many revolts in future.
Similarly, Kola and Munda revolted against the Zamindars
9. Explain the major acheivements of Nehru as the first Prime Minister of India.
As the Prime Minister of India, he can be seen as the architect of Industrialization and modern India.
Nehru became instrumental in the Integration of India which was achieved through the Home Minister of his cabinet, Vallabhabai Patel, the „Iron Man of India‟ who was successful in brining all the princely states of India together.
He also laid foundation for the diverse culture of India by implementing „language based reorganization of states‟ policy.
He had firmly believed that „only complete industrialization can bring development‟.
He sought to develop India through „Five Year Plans‟.
He sought to develop infrastructure and heavy industries through these five year plans.
With the aim of mastering atomic energy, he laid the foundation for that under the leadership of H.J. Baba.
On the external affairs front, India wanted to stay away from both the powerful blocs of cold war period and advocated Non Aligned Movement.
He was instrumental in staying away from power politics by adhering to Panchasheela principles.
10. Explain the achievements of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar had believed strongly that „Political freedom without social freedom is meaningless‟.
Unless the last man in the fold hierarchical social system of Indian society gets social and economic freedom, political freedom is of no value was his argument.
He introduced the concept of India not only as a political entity but a whole system.
He studied the Caste system and devised strategies to destroy it.
In order to prove that the untouchables have been denied even basic human rights, he organized „Mahad tank and Kalaram temple movements‟.
He participated in all the three round table conferences and suggested various means to unshackle the bondages of the downtrodden communities in the Indian society
Differences of opinion emerged between Ambedkar and Gandhjii over the issue of development of Harijans and the leadership of untouchables.
Ambedkar‟s demand for separate electorate constituencies for untouchables created controversies between Ambedkar and Gandhiji.
Ambedkar was Dewan to Baroda Maharaja.
He was a member of Bombay legislative council and later was also a member of Viceroy‟s legislative council.
Dr Ambedkar never joined the Indian National Congress and founded „Bahishkrut Hithakarini Sabha‟ and later „Swantantra Karmika Party‟.
He published periodicals like „Prabhudha Bharatha‟, „Janatha‟, „Mookanayaka‟ and „Bahishkruth Bharatha‟.
He always stayed away from the communist and sociological ideologies and strived to get justice for farm labourers.
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was elected as the chairman of the „Drafting Committee‟.
He advocated equality in the constitution and provided legal guarantees against untouchability in the constitution
11. Explain the achievements of Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah joined Indain National Congress in 1906 and worked as the private secretary to Dadabhai Navaroji.
His popularity grew more after he argued in favour of Tilak in the litigations against him.
He joined Home Rule League. In many of the conferences, he argued in favour Hindu-Muslim unity.
He resigned from his membership of Central Advisory Committee opposing the implementation Rowlatt Act.
Jinnah changed his strategies when Muslim League and Congress failed to form a coalition government
When the freedom declaration was nearer, he increased his pressure for the creation of independent Pakistan.
He was successful in creating Pakistan during the declaration of Independence.
12. Explain The Partition of India.
All along the National Freedom Struggle, the Indian National Congress had the vision of free independent united India.
But, Muhammad Ali Jinnah kept putting pressure for an independent Pakistan.
In the Lahore session of Muslim League in 1940, Jinnah declared that Hindus and Muslims cannot make one nation.
The Labour Party came to power in England after the end of Second World War.
It tried to find solutions for the political problems of India.
It sent a cabinet committee to have discussion on giving selfrule rights to India.
This Committee had discussion with Muslim League and Indian National Congress.
It recommended for a Federal Form of Government and suggested to form an Interim government.
It also suggested the formation of Constituent assembly to formulate Constitution.
But, there differences over the formation of Coalition Interim Government between Indian National Congress and the Muslim League.
The Muslim League called for „Direct Action Day‟
As a result, communcal clashes took place in various parts of the country. Muslim League did not participate in the Constituent Assembly.
The British were also interested in creating division between Hindus and Muslims.
The situations created in these occasions had seeded the partition ideas.
Meanwhile, the British Government sent Lord Mountbatten as Viceroy to India telling that it wanted to hasten the process of handing over of the power.
Mountbatten held discussions with Gandhiji, Jinnah and other leaders to prepare a plan for the partition of India.
In July of 1947, the bill of India Independence took the shape of an Act.
On August 15th, 1947 two new nations India and Pakistan were born.
13. Explain the Workers Revolt.
Workers struggle started in Calcutta
The workers of Jute and cotton mills along with railways started organizing themselves.
Railway workers held protests in Railway stations and raised slogans against the British officers.
The Printers Union in Calcutta and cotton mill workers of Bombay created national awareness.
A labour union was founded in Madras. Later many workers associations started.
The congress supported such initiates from the workers unions.
The contribution of workers and their unions are unique.
14. Explain the Farmers Protest.
During the British administrations, many farmers rebelled against the British planters and Zamindars.
They opposed the Indigo cropping in Champaranya district.
They protested against land tax.
Gandhi convinced the British officers through his Sathyagraha to withdraw tax.
The Indian National Congress tried to organize the farmers as a part of National Freedom Struggle.
Gandhiji‟s influence was visible in activities in Champaranya, Khedha and other places where the farmers organised themselves and protested.
Farmers of Tebhaga, Malabar and other places revolted against the British and Zamindars under the influence of the Congress.
The issues the farmers found themselves intermingled with the problems focused on in movements like Non-Cooperation movement, Tax refusal and Quit India movements.
Many of the protests were organised under the banner of Kisan Sabha which was influenced by leftist ideologies.
These protests were often in favour of the congress and many times stood opposed to congress.
In Telangana, farmers protested against the Zamindars and Nizam‟s Razacks.
The farmers of Bengal rose against the Zamindars. In Maharastra, farmers protested against low wages for them.
15. Explain the quit India Movement.
Gandhi gave call to the fellow Indians to „Do or Die‟.
As result leaders like Gandhiji, Nehru, Rajendra Prasad, Abdul Kalam Azad, Sardar Vallabhabai Patel, Acharya Kripalini and Kastur Ba were arrested and imprisoned.
Since, most of the congress leaders were jailled; non-congress organizations took the lead in this movement.
This movement created new leaders. Jaya Prakash Narayan provided leadership to this movement.
He was the leader of Socialist wing of congress.
He along with his supporters engaged in revolutionary works.
The Socialsits brought out a document titled “The Freedom Struggle Front” and outlined their strategies.
They trained factory workers. They called for the support of common people.
They collected money.
These people provided hope to India in its difficult times.
Meanwhile, efforts were made outside the border of India too.
The efforts of Subhas Chandra Bose are really commendable in this direction.
16. Explain the Major Developments that took place during NonCooperation Movement. Many senior lawyers like Deshabandhu Chitranjandas, Motilal Nehru, Rajendraprasad left their legal practice. Students boycotted schools and colleges.
Congress boycotted the elections for regional bodies which were held under the 1919 Act by not naming any candidates for the elections.
Many National institutions like Kashi Vidyapeetha, Gujarath Vidyapeetha, Bihar Vidyapeetha and Zamiya Miliya Islamia Rastriya Vidyalaya were established.
Rabindranath Tagore returned his „Knighthood‟
Common people and women donated liberally to the Congress. Shops selling foreign goods were boycotted and foreign clothes were burnt.
The visit of „Prince of Wales‟ in 1921 was opposed.
17. Explain the Khilafath Movement
The Sultans of Turkey were also the religious leaders of Turkey, and were called as „‟Caliph‟.
During the World War I, the British harassed the „Caliph‟and this was widely protested by Muslims of the world.
In India, Muhammada Ali and Shaukath Ali, two brothers, started the Khilafath movement in support of Turkey in 1919.
Gandhi had believed that the British would only withdraw if the Hindu and Muslims fight united.
Hence, he extended his support to this movement.
He wanted an active participation on the part of Muslims in the Congress.
This was a movement wherein both Hindus and Muslims participated in a nationwide protests
18. Explain the Early life of Mahatma Gandhiji.
Mohandas Karmchand Gandhi who is popularly called Bapu was born on 2nd October, 1869 in Porbandar of present day Gujarath‟s Kathiawar district. Karmchand Gandhi was his father.
He was the Deewan of Rajkot state.
Putalibai was his mother. She influenced Gandhi on moral values.
After completing his basic education at Porabandar, Gandhiji went to England in for law education and completed his Bar at Law and returned to India.
Later he went to Natal of South Africa to represent Dada Abdulla and Company
Though Gandhi intended to be at Natal only three months, he ended up living in South Africa for twenty long years.
He opposed the Apartheid policy that discriminated between dark skinned and pale skinned people.
He invented a new tool of protest called „Sathyagraha‟ and formulated its dos and donts.
Many South Africans take pride in declaring that “You sent us unformed Gandhi and We sent Back the Complete of Gandhi”.
19. Explain the Initial Protests of Gandhiji.
Gandhiji as per the instructions of his political „Guru‟ Gokhale, toured entire India in a third class railway compartment to understand real India of his time.
He gave an institutional shape to his struggles by establishing „Sabarmathi Ashrama‟ at Ahmadabad
He understood the problems of farmers, Daliths, Tribal people, workers, labourers, and other sections of Indian society.
Gandhi launched „Champaran Movement‟ in support of Indigo growers and made the British government accept the demands of the farmers.
He started a movement in support of the Mill workers of Ahmedabad, and made the British government accept his demands. In the same year, another protest held in Kheda village of Gujarath to oppose land taxes also became successful.
Gandhi started using Truth, Non-Violence, and Sathyagraha ideals in all these movements.
And he also started interacting with common people; making the freedom movement more people based movement.
The Indian Freedom struggle took a new turn with arrival Gandhiji.
He employed „Passive Resistance‟, „Non-Violence‟, and „Sathyagraha‟ as main strategies in his struggles.
He used to express his thoughts in periodicals like „Young India‟ and „Harijan‟.
20. Explain Gandhiji‟s Sathyagraha.
Sathyagraha is one of the major methods of protests of Gandhiji.
The word „Sathyagraha‟ means „the assertion of the truth‟.
It was one of the major weapons he employed in South Africa.
It is his moral weapon. It is based on Non-Violence.
It means asserting the rightful place of Truth by employing peaceful means.
The use of this weapon is one of the major social exploration has ever taken place in the human history
21. Expalin Gandhiji‟s Ahimsa.
Ahimsa is the basic trait of Gandhi‟s struggle.
He firmly believed that one should face violence with Ahimsa and Sathyagraha.
Gandhi employed motherly strategies such as Ahimsa, Sathyagraha and Fasting against the brutal force of British like Military, Police and Law.
The defeat of the mighty English in the hands of Gandhi itself is a strong message in the annals of the history.
22. Explain the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
The British implemented Rowlatt Act in 1919.
Through this act, the British started controlling the nationalists.
Under this act, they could arrest a man and declare him as an offender in a court of law
This snatched away rights of the people to assemble for a meeting, making associations and the free right of expression from the people.
Gandhi formed an association called „Sathyagraha Sabha‟ to oppose this.
By utilizing numerous political methods like Huge public marches and meets along boycotts, the act was opposed. The British government decided to suppress the agitations against Rowlatt Act
Gandhiji had called for one day hartal .
Dr. Fakruddin and Dr. Sathyapal and various other leaders were arrested in Punjab.
To protest these arrests, the people had assembled in Jallianwala Bagh on April 13, 1919 on the day of Baisaki festival
The military general of Amrithsar, General Dyer fired at the peacefully assembled the people and killed around 380 protestors.
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