UNIT – 4 INDIAN SOILS
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable answers.
1. The soils that are formed from the sediments deposited by the rivers is called -----soils.
(Alluvial soil )
2. The Black soils are also known as -----and-----soils. are (Regur soil and black cotton soil)
3. Under the conditions of high temperature and rainfall------ soils are formed in tropical areas. (Laterite Soils)
4. Mountain soils are suitable for -----crops. (plantation)
II. Answer the following questions in one sentences each:
1. What is soil?
Soil is the thin surface layer of the earth comprising of closely intermixed mineral and organic substances.
2. Why there is a wide variety of soils in India?
Soil formation of India is mainly related to the parent rock, relief, climate and natural vegetation. So there is a wide variety of soils in India.
3. What is alluvial soil?
The soil that are composed of alluvium are called alluvial soil.
4. How are Alluvial soil formed?
Alluvial soil are formed from the sediments deposited by the rivers as in the Indo-Gangetic plain and by the sea waves in coastal plain.
5. What are the other names of Black soil?
The other names of Black soil are Regur soil and black cotton soil
6. Why black soil are black in colour?
Black soils are derived from the basalt rock. So they are dark grey to black in colour.
7. How Red soils are formed?
Red soils are formed from the weathering of granite, gneiss and other crystalline rocks.
8. Red soils do not retain moisture.Why?
They are more sandy and less clayey. So they do not retain moisture.
9. How are Laterite Soils formed?
Laterite Soils soils are formed in tropical areas under the conditions of high temperature and rainfall.
10. Laterite Soils are of limited use for agriculture.Why?
They are leached soils, not fertile and are of limited use for agriculture.
11. Desert Soils are not suitable for the cultivation of many crops.why?
They are fairly friable, have a high content of soluble salt. They are sandy and low in moisture and humus. These are not suitable for the cultivation of many crops.
12. Mountain Soils are rich in humus and are fertile.Why? They are mostly formed due to the decomposition of organic matter. Hence they are rich in humus and are fertile.
13. What is the meaning of soil erosion?
Soil erosion refers to the removal of top soil by natural agents.
14. What are the agents of soil erosion?
The rivers
glaciers
winds
sea waves
III. Answer the following questions:
1. Which are the major types of soils in India?
Alluvial soil
Black soil
Red soil
Laterite soil
Desert soil
Mountain soil
2. Explain the distribution of Black soil in India.
Black soils are largely found in the Deccan basalt trap region including Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Parts of Telangana, Northern part of Karnataka, parts of Gujarat and Tamil Nadu.
They occupy about 5.46 lakh km2 in India.
3. What are the characteristics of Red soils?
They are formed from the weathering of granite, gneiss and other crystalline rocks.
The colour of these soils is generally red or redishbrown.
They are more sandy and less clayey. So, they do not retain moisture
4. What is soil erosion and soil conservation?
Soil erosion refers to the removal of top soil by natural agents Protection of soil from erosion and preservation of fertility of the soil is called „soil conservation
5. Mention the main causes of soil erosion.
deforestation
overgrazing
shifting cultivation
faulty methods of cultivation
use of top soil for making bricks, tiles
6. What are the major effects of soil erosion?
Loss of soil fertility and fall in agricultural productivity.
It leads to silting and floods, change of the course of rivers, and reduction of capacity of the reservoirs.
Ground water level is lowered and there is decrease in soil moisture.
Vegetation covers dries up and drought increase.
Economy as a whole suffers a great set back.
7. Mention the measures adopted for conserving soil.
Afforestationand reforestation.
Controlled over grazing.
Contour farming.
Construction of check dams.
Contour bunding.
Gully control and bench terracing.
8. What are the characteristics of alluvial soil?
The soil that are composed of alluvium are called alluvial soil.
They are formed from the sediments deposited by the rivers as in the Indo-Gangetic plain and by the sea waves in coastal plain.
Alluvial soil the very extensive and very important in India
9. What are the characteristics of Black soil?
This soil is also known as „Regur‟ and black cotton soil as they are best suited for cotton cultivation.
They are derived from the basalt rock.
So they are dark grey to black in colour, with high clay content. They are highly retentive of moisture and extremely compact
10. What are the characteristics of Laterite Soils?
These soils are formed in tropical areas under the conditions of high temperature and rainfall.
These soils are cover an area of 2.48 lakh km2.
They are leached soils, not fertile and are of limited use for agriculture.
Crops like cashew, rubber, tea, coffee and paddy can be grown in this soils
11. What are the characteristics of Desert Soils.
These soils are formed under desert and semi desert, conditions.
They are largely found and in the north-western part of India.
They are fairly friable, have a high content of soluble salt.
They are sandy and low in moisture and humus.
These are not suitable for the cultivation of many crops
12. What are the characteristics of Mountain Soils.
These soils are mainly found on the slopes of mountains and hills covered by forests.
They are mostly formed due to the decomposition of organic matter.
Hence they are rich in humus and are fertile.
They are useful for plantation crops. eg. tea, coffee and fruits
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