HISTORY
UNIT – I ADVENT OF EUROPEANS TO INDIA
I. Complete the following blanks with suitable answers:
1. In 1453, the Ottoman Turks occupied ……………………...…city. (Constantinople)
2. The sea route between India and Europe was discovered by-------(Vascodagama)
3. The capital of French in India was----------- ( Puducheri or Pondichery)
4. In 1757, Robert Clive declared … war over Sirajud-aula.(Plassey)
5. The Dewani rights over Bengal were handed over to British by---- (Sha Aalam-II)
6. The dual government policy was implemented by ………………… in Bengal.(Robert clive)
II. Answer the following questions in one sentence each.
1. Mention the Indian spices which had great demand in Europe.
Pepper, Cardamom, Ginger and many other spices
2. Which city is known as Gate of European Trade?
Constantinople is known as Gate of European Trade.
3.Who had gained monopoly over the trade in Asian countries?
Arab merchants had gained monopoly over the trade in Asian countries
4. Who had gained monopoly over trade in Europe?
Italian traders had gained monopoly over trade in Europe.
5. Through which city Asian and Europe trade was taking place?
Asian and Europe trade was taking place through the city of Constantinople.
6. When did the Ottoman Turks capture the city of Constantinople?
In 1453 the Ottoman Turks captured the city of constantinople.
7. Who captured the city of Constantinople?
The Ottoman Turks captured the city of Constantinople.
8. The merchants felt that the trade was not profitable.Why?
The Turks started levying too many taxes on the goods passing through Constantinople routes.
9. How Spain and Portugal were attempting to break the monopoly of Italian traders?
Spain and Portugal were attempting to break the monopoly of Italian traders by encouraging courageous sailors to find a sea route to India.
10. Mention the inventions which helped to find out new sea route to India.
The invention of Compass, Astrolabes, and Gunpowder helped to find out new sea route to India.
11. Who discovered a new sea route to India?
Vasco da Gama discovered a new sea route to India.
12. Who was Vasco da Gama?
Vasco da Gama was the Portuguese sailor.
13. How did Vasco da Gama come to India?
Vasco da Gama left Lisbon and reached Kappadu near Calicut on the west coast of India in 1498.
14. When did Vasco da Gama discover a new sea route to India?
Vasco da Gama discover ed a new sea route to India in 1498.
15. Who were the first to re-establish trade between India and Europe?
Portuguese were the first to re-establish trade between India and Europe.
16. Mention European Trade Companies who arrived India for trade?
Portuguese, many Dutch, French and English
17. Who were the first to arrive at India for the trade and were also the last to leave India on the sea route?
Portuguese were the first to arrive at India for the trade and were also the last to leave India on the sea route.
18. Who arrived in India as the Viceroy of Portuguese after Vasco da Gama?
After Vasco da Gama, Francisco de Almeida arrived in India as the Viceroy of Portuguese.
19. Who implemented „Blue Water Policy‟?
Francisco de Almeida implemented „Blue Water Policy.
20. Why did Francisco de Almeida implement „Blue Water Policy‟?
He implemented „Blue Water Policy‟ in order to establish the supremacy over the Sea instead of supremacy over lands.
21. Who came after Francisco de Almeida?
Alfonso de Albuquerque came after Almeida.
22. Who is considered as the real founder of Portuguese Empire in India?
Alfonso de Albuquerque is considered as the real founder of Portuguese Empire in India.
23. Who waged a battle against the Sultan of Bijapur in CE 1510 and won Goa?
Alfonso de Albuquerque waged a battle against the Sultan of Bijapur in CE1510 and won Goa.
24. Which was the administrative centre of Portuguese administration in India?
Goa was the administrative centre of Portuguese administration in India.
25. Why did the power of Portuguese decline in India?
The power of Portuguese declined in India due to the arrival of English and French in India.
26. When was Dutch East India Company started?
Dutch East India Company was started in 1602.
27. Why was Dutch East India Company started?
Dutch East India Company was started with the aim of doing business with eastern countries and entered countries like India, Java, Sumatra,Indonesia and spices rich islands.
28. How did the Dutch break the monopoly of Portuguese in India?
They established warehouses in Surat,Broach, Kambe, Kochin, Nagapatanim, Masulipatanam and Chinsor and other places in India. With this they broke the monopoly of Portuguese in India.
29. Why did the Dutch limit themselves to Spice rich Islands?
They were unable to face competition from English and French.
30. Who issued a royal charter authorizing East India Company to trade with Eastern Countries for fifteen years?
Queen Elizabeth issued a royal charter authorizing East India Company to trade with Eastern Countries for fifteen years.
31. Who issued a royal permission to English to establish their first warehouse of factory at Surat?
The Mughal Emperor Jahangir issued a royal permission to English to establish their first warehouse of factory at Surat.
32. Who was Sir Thomas Roe ?
Sir Thomas Roe was The royal ambassador from the court of James I.
33. Name the the royal ambassador from the court of James I who visited the court of Jahangir?
The the royal ambassador from the court of James I who visited the court of Jahangir was Sir Thomas Roe.
34. How did the English establish a strong fort named St. George Fort?
English took Madaras from the King of Chandragiri and established a strong fort named St. George Fort.
35. Who gave Bombay as an annual rent of ten pounds a year to East India Company?
Charles II, the Prince of England, gave Bombay as an annual rent of ten pounds a year to East India Company .
36. Name the Presidencies of the British.
Bombay, Madras and Calcutta
37. When was French East India Company started?
French East India Company was started in 1664.
38. Which is the first factory of the French?
Surat
39. Name the factories of French.
Machalipatanam, Chandranagara,Mahe, Karaikallu, Cossimbazar, Balasur.
40. Who was Dupleix?
Dupleix was the French Governor General
41. Why did the Portuguese and Dutch withdraw from India by 18th century?
The Portuguese and Dutch withdrawn from India because they were unable to withstand the competition from French and English by 18th century
42. By which treaty the first carnatic war came to an end?
The first carnatic war came to an end by the„Treaty of Aix-laChapelle.
43. By which treaty the second carnatic war came to an end?
The second carnatic war came to an end Treaty of Pondicherry.
44. By which treaty the third carnatic war came to an end?
The third carnatic war came to an end Treaty of Paris.
45. When was Battle of Plassey fought?
The Battle of Plassey was fought in 1757.
46. Between whom the battle of Plassey took place?
The Plassey Battle took place between the young Nawab Sirajud-Daula and the British.
47. When was the Battle of Buxar fought?
The Battle of Buxar was fought in 1764.
48. Who brought in Dual-government‟ concept?
Robert Clive brought in „Dual-government‟ concept.
49. Make a list of the Europeans who arrived at India to do business.
Portuguese
Dutch
English
French
III. Answer the following questions.
1. How did trade take place between India and Europe during middle ages?
There were trade and commerce relationship between India and Europe since ancient times.
There was great demand for Indian spices like Pepper, Cardamom, Ginger and many other spices in Europe.
The trade relationship continued between India, Europe and other Asian countries even during middle ages.
2. Discuss the reasons that resulted in the discovery of new sea route to India.
The trade and commerce between Asian and Europe was taking place through the city of Constantinople.
In 1453, the Ottoman Turks captured the city of Constantinople.
As a result, all the trade routes connecting the city of Constantinople came under the control of Turks.
The Turks started levying too many taxes on the goods passing through these routes.
The invention of Compass, Astrolabes, and Gunpowder.
3. Explain the effects of the fall of Constantinople.
In 1453,the Ottoman Turks captured the city of Constantinople.
As a result, all the trade routes connecting the city of Constantinople came under the control of Turks.
The Turks started levying too many taxes on the goods passing through these routes.
4. Explain the achievements of Francisco de Almeida.
After Vasco da Gama, Francisco de Almeida arrived in India as the Viceroy of Portuguese.
He implemented „Blue Water Policy‟ in order to establish the supremacy over the Sea instead of supremacy over lands.
5. Explain the achievements of Alfonso de Albuquerque.
Alfonso de Albuquerque,who came after Almeida, is considered as the real founder of Portuguese Empire in India. He waged a battle against the Sultan of Bijapur in CE 1510 and won Goa.
6. Where did the Dutch establish their warehouses?
The Dutch established warehouses in Surat,Broach, Kambe, Kochin, Nagapatanim, Masulipatanam and Chinsor and other places in India.
7. Explain the reasons for First Carnatic War.
On the request of Dupleix, La Bourdonnais, a French military leader from Mauritius invaded Madras and captured it.
This forced the helpless British to request the help of Anwaruddin, the Nawab of Carnatic for support.
The army sent by Anwaruddin failed to defeat the French at Madras.
Finally, La Bourdonnais took money from the English and returned Madras and went back to Mauritius.
8. Explain the reasons for second Carnatic War.
Robert Clive of East India Company attacked Arcot, the capital city of Carnatic and defeated Chandsaheb.
Chandsaheb was imprisoned and later killed in this war.
In the place of Chandsaheb, the English named Mahammad Ali, the son of Anwaruddin, as the Nawab of Carnatic.
9. Explain the reasons for third Carnatic War.
Comte de Lally of French attempted to besiege Wandiwash
In this decisive battle Sir Eyre Coote of the English army defeated the French and imprisoned Bussi. Lally escaped and hid in Pondicherry.
Finally, Eyre Coote attacked Pondicherry and Lally had to surrender unconditionally
10. Explain the effects of third Carnatic War.
French had to lose all their bases in India due to Carnatic wars.
In spite of this, as per the „Treaty of Paris‟ in 1763, Pondicherry was returned to French. With these developments, French lost their importance in India.
Like this, English by defeating all their rivals, started consolidating their power over the Southern India.
11. Explain the reasons for the Battle of Plassey.
Misuse of Dastakaths.
Mending of the fort without permission.
Black Room Tragedy.
12. Explain Black Room Tragedy.
Siraj-ud-Daula conquered the Fort Willaim easily and imprisoned some of the British. He imprisoned 146 Englishmen in a small room in the fort, of which 123 died.
This is called as the Black Room Tragedy.
13. What were the outcome of the battle of Plassey?
This war brought out the immorality, lack of unity among the Indians and the greed of Indian businessmen.
Mir Jaffar became the Nawab of Bengal.
The company gained exclusive rights to do business in Bengal.
Mir Jaffar had to a pay rupees seventeen crore and seventy lakhs to as a relief to Sirja-ud-Dulah‟s attack on the Fort William.
14. Explain the resons for the battle of Buxar.
Mir Qasim In the beginning he remained loyal to the company.
He paid two lakh pounds to the company and gave away few places to it.
Shortly, he declared himself as an independent King.
After verifying the misuse of Dastakaths, he declared that the business is duty free in Bengal.
As a result, the Indians competed against British in all spheres of business.
As a result, the British trade suffered considerably.
This was enough for the British to oppose the Nawab.
They brought in Mir Jaffar again and dethroned Mir Qasim.
As Mir Qasim knew about the cunningness of the British, he went for an organized war against them.
15. Explain the outcome or results of The battle of Buxar.
Sha Aalam-II accorded the Dewani rights over Bengal to the British.
Sha Aalam-II gave away all the rights over Bengal to the British for an annual fee of rupees 26 lakhs. The Nawab of Awadh had to give away a fine of rupees 50 lakh for waging a war against the company.
With the death of Mir Jaffar, the company paid pension to his son and took over the entire administration of Bengal.
16. Explain the concept of Dual government.
Robert Clive brought in „Dual-government‟ concept
As per this concept, the British had the right to collect land taxes
whereas the Nawab had power over administrative issues like justice and others.
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